Muhammad Abduh

Muhammad Abduh was an Egyptian jurist, religious scholar, and leading figure in late nineteenth-century Islamic reform. As Egypt’s grand mufti, he pursued changes in Islamic law, administration, education, and al-Azhar’s intellectual life. His writings, including *The Theology of Unity* and a Qur’anic commentary developed with Rashid Rida, argued that Islamic thought could engage modernity through reason and renewed interpretation.